The Fisheries Research Laboratory, University of Zabol to investigate the Effect of different levels factors of pH on the percentage of hatching (HP) and hatching efficiency (HE) cysts ARTEMIA urmiana at five different pH (7, 7.5, 8, 8.3 and 9) were performed. Each treatment was replicated three times. During the experiment, all factors affecting hatching was fixed and the variable pH levels. After 24 hours of incubation system began, the number of nauplii and umbrella cysts forms and cysts were counted and the percentage of hatching capacity was calculated. Based on the results, the percentage of hatching ability of pH=8.3 was higher than other treatments and at hatching was observed at pH=9. Differences between treatments were very small and statistically not significant (P>0.05). Generally, the pH is an important factor in the hatched ARTEMIA urmiana cysts and for optimization of the pH must be kept constant at 8.3.

This study examined the ability of two enrichment mechanisms, bioencapsulation or/and attachment to the body surface of ARTEMIA nauplii (ARTEMIA franciscana) with two isolated Bacillus probiotics. The probiotics tested were Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus lechiniformis delivered at two concentrations (103 and 106 cells/ml). Results show that both species of bacteria could be bioencapsulated into and attached to ARTEMIA successfully. For all treatments, the attachment of probiotic to ARTEMIA increased, while bioencapsulated probiotic into ARTEMIA decreased over time. With bacteria at 106 cells/ml, attachment levels reached 2.3±0.2×103 CFU/nauplius for B. subtilisand 3.2±0.1×103 CFU/nauplius for B. lechiniformis occurred. When nauplii were exposed to the probiotic bacteria at 106 cells/ml, maximum bioencapsulation levels were 4.2±0.2×103 CFU/nauplius with B. subtilis and 4.1±0.2×103 CFU/nauplius with B. lechiniformis.

Brine shrimp (ARTEMIA.) is fascinating organism from subphylum Crustacean, order Branchiopoda, family Artemiidae. ARTEMIA brine shrimps inhabit saline and hypersaline ecosystems and have many tolerance against salinity changes. Urmiah Lake is the most important habitate of ARTEMIA in Iran. ARTEMIA is also reported from Kale-shour located in 35 km north of Gonabad, south khorassan province, Iran. In this study collected ARTEMIA from Gonabad Kale-shour were compared with ARTEMIA urmiana Gunther (1900) and ARTEMIA parthenogenetica from Urmiah Lack using morphometric characters. Cysts samples collected from Kale-shour and ARTEMIA urmiana and ARTEMIA parthenogenetica were obtained from Urmiah Fisheries Company (shilat) Research Center. The Cysts were cultured separately in 20 L aquarium approximately under constant physical and chemical conditions (salinity 62 ppt, temperature 20 ± 1 C°, PH  » 8, slowly and continually aeration, flourscent light with 40 cm distance from aquarium surface). All samples were fed with rice bran and unicellular algae. After 35 days 30 chosen mature female of each culture were narcotized with chloroform and eight quantitative characters (total length, abdominal length, abdominal width, length of furca, head width, distance between compound eyes, eyes diameter, length of the first antenna) were measured under measuring microscope to the nearest 0.001 mm. Data were analysis using the statistical software SPSS 10 and multivariate analysis, result show that Kale-shour ARTEMIA are significantly different from ARTEMIA urmiana, but the Kale-shour ARTEMIA and A. Parthenogenrtica are identical. Two populations could belong to A.parthenogenetica species.

Mycosporines are UV-absorbing metabolites which are produced via aromatic amino acids synthesis pathway (shikimate pathway). In the present study the effect of diet was examined on accumulation of these compounds in ARTEMIA urmiana and parthenogenetic ARTEMIA. The cysts of both strains were hatched under standard conditions. The larvae (instar-I nauplii) were directly transferred to the diluted Urmia Lake water (150 g l-1); the salinity was then increased gradually up to 250 g l-1. During the culture period, both ARTEMIA strains were fed on two algal feeding regimes including green and red Dunaliella salina. Concentration of seven Mycosporines including Asterina-330, Shinorine, Mycosporine-2Glycine, Palythine, Porphyra-334, Mycosporine-Glycine: valine and Palythinol were measured in adult ARTEMIA using HPLC at the end of experiment. Results showed significant increase in the concentration of mycosporines in both ARTEMIA populations fed on red algae compared to those received green algae, except for Shinorine in A. urmiana. Parthenogenetic ARTEMIA showed higher capability for accumulation of Mycosporines compared to A. urmiana in most cases.

The effects of exposure to Zinc and Copper in developing from nauplius to adult stages in two species, A. urmiana and A. franciscana were studied. The growth and lifespan of the specimens under treatments also have been investigated. During the period of the experiments, both species of ARTEMIA were exposed by Zinc-treated groups (23, 68, 114 mg/l) and also copper-treated groups (13, 25, 38 mg/l) and compared with control group without any metal treatment. However, in treatments with Zinc and Copper concentrations, lifespan was reduced in comparison with that of the control treatments. Results showed that Zinc and Copper have toxic effects on A. urmiana and A. franciscana. Although the resistance of both of them was high, but A. urmiana was more endure than A. franciscana. It is, suggested that the two ARTEMIA species might have adopted a strategy to speed up growth and reproduce before metal pollution can cause death for them. Also, this study indicated that Zinc was less toxic than Copper for the two species investigated.

ARTEMIA is One of types of crustacean that can withstand in very high salinity. Due to the climate changes and increasing the salinity of inland waters and importance of ARTEMIA as a main food sources for crustacean and marine fish larvae as well, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of biological processes in different populations of ARTEMIA. The current study, investigates the effects of salinity stress on Na + / K ATPase gene expression in exon 7 of two ARTEMIA population with using of RT-RCR-DGGE. Two different populations of ARTEMIA franciscana and Parthenogenetic ARTEMIA were reared at salinities 60, 120 and 180 mg/l. At the end of the experiment the mRNA of Na + / K ATPase was provided and converted to cDNA. Subsequent DGGE and sequencing analyses revealed that the products of these genes in A. franciscana is homozygous while in Parthenogenetic ARTEMIA is heterozygous which is produced by two alleles. Also it was found that in the Parthenogenetic ARTEMIA protein translation and the production of two different alleles is obtained. Interestingly, no difference was observed in the samples studied and apparently the only difference can be related to genomic variation among these populations.

For enrichment of adult ARTEMIA, ARTEMIA franciscana, Spari Selco emulsifier, prepared from Belgium, were used in 10 specimens per ml at different concentration of 0.5, 1 and 2 g/l during 3 hours. During the study all chemico- physical factors such as water temperature, salinity and light were constant. Significant differences (P<0.05). were observed in ihe amounts of the fatty acids linoleic(18:2n6), linolenic(16: 1n-6), arachidonic (20: 4n6), eicosapentaenoic (20: 5n3) and docosahexaenoic (22: 6n3) for enriched adult at 2 g/l concentration of Spari selco compared with enriched adult at 1 and 0.5 g/l concentration. On the other hand the results showed that more concentration with significant differences (P<0.05) of amount of total Fatty Acids ω3, Fatty Acids ω6 and unsaturated Fatty Acids(HUFAs) at 2 g/l, when compared with the other samples. The results also indicated that 2 g/l concentration is the optimum level for the unsaturated Fatty acids in the adult ARTEMIA.